[Tang Xiejun] The establishment and changes of NingJamaica Seeking Agreement Bo Chongshi Academy
The establishment and changes of Ningbo Chongshi Academy
Author: Tang Xiejun (Huzhou Normal University HumanitiesJM Escorts Professor of the Academy)
Source: China Social Science Network
Time: Confucius 2575 Year Jiachen, February 30th, Renyin
Jesus 2024 April 8, 2018
Chongshi Academy is a government-run school built by Xue Fucheng (1838-1894), a famous official in the late Qing Dynasty, who was in charge of the construction during his tenure in Ningshaotai Road, Zhejiang Province. So far, historians have different opinions on its founding time. Jamaicans Sugardaddy is now examined and its purpose of running the school and its historical position are explained.
The theory of founding in the 14th year of Guangxu’s reign is more credible
Zhang Meiyi (1857-1924), a native of Yin County, Zhejiang, was the first to narrate this issue. In a monthly essay titled “Records of Chongshi Academy” and using Xue Fu as the first person, he claimed that Chongshi Academy was built after Xue Fu. In September of that year when he was “suited to the order of observing Hunan” (Zhang Meiyi: “Chongshi BookJamaica Sugar Daddy Hospital Notes”, Xue Compiled by Fucheng: “Lectures on Eastern Zhejiang Province” Volume 4, printed by Chongshi Academy in February of the 20th year of Guangxu’s reign). According to the “Records of the Qing Dynasty” and “Edicts of the Guangxu and Xuantong Dynasties”, it can be seen that Xue Fucheng was awarded the post of Hunan Inspector on the sixth day of September in the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888). That is to say, in Zhang Meiyi’s memory, Chongshi Academy was founded in September of the 14th year of Guangxu.
More than fifty years after Zhang’s theory came out, the “Yinxian General Chronicle” of the Republic of China did not know what basis it had, and instead asserted that Chongshi Academy was founded by Yun in the twelfth year of Guangxu’s reign. It was rebuilt from a stone mountain house (“General Chronicles of Yin County”, compiled by Chen Xunzheng and Ma Ying: “Collection of Chinese Local Chronicles·Zhejiang Prefecture and County Chronicles” No. 16, Shanghai Bookstore 1993 edition, page 367). In the early 1990s, “Ningbo Dictionary” pushed it back to the eleventh year of Guangxu (“Ningbo Dictionary”, Fudan University Press 1992 edition, page 261). As soon as this theory came out, it was widely used by Ji Xiaofeng’s “Chinese Academy Dictionary”, Luo Zhaoping’s “Examination of the Collection of Books in Xuelou”, Zhu Xiaoyan’s “A Survey of the Collection of Books in Zhejiang Academy”, Gu Zhixing’s “History of Collection of Books in Zhejiang”, Su Xiaojun’s “Selected Catalogs of Su Zhai”, Lu Xiaojun “QingJamaica Sugar DaddyA Narrative of the Academy’s Curriculum and Art Collection”, Xin Ju’s “YinJamaicans Sugardaddy Dong Mengru Xin Shaoru Chronicle Collection”, etc. Used in the treatise. Recently, Qian Maowei’s “Zhang Meiyi’s Deeds and Academic Achievements” was reproduced as “Zhejiang Scholars’ Records·Inscription” by Xue FuJamaicans Escort ” Based on the inference, it is determined that Chongshi Academy was founded one year after the completion of Korakuen Garden, that is, in the spring of the 13th year of Guangxu (Qian Maowei et al.: “New Exploration of Academic Culture in Eastern Zhejiang since the Yuan Dynasty”, Wuhan University Press, 2019 2011 edition, page 241).
Among the opinions, Zhang Meiyi’s idea is more worthy of acceptance. This is not only because Zhang is a talented student of Chongshi Academy who has a close relationship with Xue Fucheng, Jamaica Sugar Daddy but the more critical reason is that Zhang is It is said to be consistent with two news reports published by Shanghai Shenbao. The first is the “Instructions for the Creation of Korakuen Garden in Ning County” published on the second page on March 23, 1888, which stated that the academy was established to be used as a “place to select and select tribute students from the three counties of Ning, Shaotai, and supervise the examinations.” It was Xue Fu. The original planning of Zhongning Shaotai Road was achieved, but now, in view of the “slight accumulation of funds through donations” after a few years, it is planned to “choose a date to start construction in the open space on the west side of the Road Department to avoid the scheduled work” ( “Declaration Photocopy” Volume 32, Shanghai Bookstore 1983 edition, page 451). The second is Jamaica Sugar‘s “Yongshang Miscellaneous News” published on the first page on October 24 of the same year, which clearly announced: Jamaicans Escort “The West Head Korakuen of the Road Department has now been completed. It is called Chongshi Academy. There are about dozens of rafters in the studio, and students who are studying can stay in Changchuan. Xue’s observation and cultivation of talents can be said to have come to an end.” (“Declaration Photocopy” Volume 33, No. 75Jamaica Sugar5. Page) In other words, the construction of Chongshi Academy began in late March 1888 and was completed at the end of October of the same year (i.e. September of the 14th year of Guangxu).
Different from the old government-run schools
Compared At the time of construction, Xue’s purpose in founding Chongshi Academy was undoubtedlyJM Escortsis more worthy of discussion. Regarding this, Chen Kangfu’s “Chongshi Academy Records” attributed it to Ruan Yuan’s founding of the exegesis house and the implementation of the spirit of practical learning (Chen Kangfu: “When Chongshi writes, he looks even more beautiful than last night. The gorgeous wife . College Records”, “Zhejiang Keshi Lu” Volume 4). In Zhang Meiyi’s understanding of “Chongshi Academy”, preaching and carrying forward Zeng Guofan’s personality and his “ancient literature, meanings and methods” should be Xue Fucheng’s purpose of founding Chongshi Academy. From the perspective of the present and the past, when Xue Fucheng was planning to establish Chongshi Academy, it was the autumn when the Zhiwen Society was surging. This educational institution was founded by Zong Yuanhan, the former prefect of Ningbo, in the second spring of the fifth year of Guangxu’s reign. It has grown into the most influential civilized transportation platform in eastern Zhejiang. Jamaica Sugar and became the target of imitation by scholars. For example, Ouyang Lijian, the admiral of Zhejiang Province who thwarted the French army’s attempt to land in Zhenhai, tried to build the Ningbo “Poetry Society” with reference to the operation mode of the Zhiwen Society, hoping to become the leader of the poetry circle in Yongshang (“Declaration Photocopy”, Volume 31, Page 1054). Therefore, the establishment of Chongshi Academy was not only based on the urgent need to spread Zeng’s “ancient literary meanings”, but also the inevitable product of Xue Fucheng’s emphasis on practical learning. It is even more difficult to eliminate Xue’s intention to lead the trend of Ningbo civilization.
As a government-run school, Chongshi Academy not only has physical buildings such as “tang” and “zhai”, but also has “rooms for fasting and cooking”, “rooms for classes and examinations” and “sacrifice”. Strict regulations have been established for “where the funds come from” and “where the funds come from.” Among them, the “Tang” is the main building, with the five great Neo-Confucian masters of the Song Dynasty such as Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai, Shao Yong and Zhu Xi enshrined in the middle, Sima Qian, Xu Shen, Zheng Xuan and Han Yu on the left, Zhuge Liang, Lu Zhi and Fan Zhongdao on the right. , my body is not as good as before. He settled on the mountainside of Yunyin Mountain. Yan, Sima Guang, Wang Yangming, Zeng Guofan, fifteen people. As for its “class examination method”, according to Wu Yin-sun’s “Preface to Chongshi Academy Class Arts”, it both “puts current art first” and “returns to fundamental learning”Jamaica Sugar, and Jamaica Sugar Daddy is divided into two types: “fast class” and “break class” , there are also trendy subjects such as “Nian Nian”, “Geography” and “Current Affairs”. This Jamaica Sugar Daddy fully shows that although Chongshi College still serves the imperial examination, it has completely Jamaicans Sugardaddy is different from old-style official buildings such as Yuehu Academy and Xiaolian Hall.Run a school.
But since Wu Yinsun succeeded Ning Shaotai Road in the second spring of the fifteenth year of Guangxu, especially in the spring of the twenty-first year of Guangxu, Lu Tingfu took office as the mountain chiefJamaicans EscortAfter, ChongJamaicans SugardaddySchoolJamaica Sugar‘s “Class Test Method Jamaicans Escort” has undergone significant changes. The direction of the change was to attach unprecedented importance to the imperial examination, and its main content was to stipulate the addition of “conference classes” in May and June of the year of the provincial examination, in order to increase the probability of winning the examination for academicians. “Eastern Zhejiang Lesson” was compiled by Xue Fucheng and Lu Tingfu respectively in February of the 20th year of Guangxu and in May of the 22nd year of Guangxu. “Shilu” and “Jamaica Sugar Chongshi College Lesson Art”, as the only two remaining collections of Chongshi College’s lessons, also evolved from one The side reflects the increasingly conservative trend of its “class examination method”. From openness to conservatism, this not only stems from the personal knowledge of the academy administrators, but also reflects the education policy and Jamaicans Escort talent training concept of the Qing Dynasty Developments after the defeat of Sino-Japanese War Jamaicans Sugardaddy.
Shortly after the imperial examination system was abolished, Chongshi Academy was not only regarded as the carrier of the bad education system by Sheng Bingwei, Dai Hongqi, Zhang Chuanbao, Zhang Shiping and many other gentry. “Sister Hua! “Xi Shixun shouted involuntarily, his whole body was shocked by surprise and excitement. She meant to tell him that as long as she could stay with him, she would not be there at all. At the request of Tong Dehou, a former doctor in the Ministry of Justice and a native of Yinxian County, she finally died on November 15, the 32nd year of Guangxu (January 1907). On the eve of March 9th, it was converted into the Encouraging School Office.
Promote the spread of Tongcheng theory
Although it is respected Shi Academy has since joined the historical stage, but as a “place of scholars”, it has provided many NingboScholars provided help in accumulating examination experience, enriching social experience, and even making friends with peers and expanding their reputation. Those Ningbo scholars who benefited from it, according to Xin Jiangming’s “A Brief Continuation of the Poems of the Four Ming and Qing Dynasties”, numbered as many as 19. At the same time, Chongshi Academy has also actively undertaken the obligation of engraving books, such as 40 volumes of “The School’s Commentary on Water Classics”, 6 volumes of “Chongshi Academy Lessons” by Lu Tingfu, and Xue Fucheng’s “Tianyi Pavilion See”Jamaica Sugar Daddy‘s 5 volumes of Bibliography and 4 volumes of “Zhejiang Keshi Lu” were all carved by the academy. In particular, the Lanxiutang Library built into Chongshi College not only breaks through the barriers of traditional libraries that focus on my favorites and not on applications, but also adopts the new library concept of public, open, shared and service, “in NingJamaica Sugarbo and even Zhejiang pioneered the trend of public libraries.”
The most commendable historical impact of Chongshi Academy is not how many talents it has cultivated during its existence, nor how avant-garde its concept of hiding books is, but its impact on those who once Jamaica Sugar Daddy The promotion of Guofan’s “ancient literature, meanings and methods” promoted the widespread spread of Tongcheng theory in Ningbo in the late Qing Dynasty, and Ningbo literati also divided into Tongcheng faction, anti-Tongcheng faction and reconciliation faction. The former is represented by Zhang Meiyi from Yinxian, Yu Huizu from Zhenhai, Jiang Wumin from Fenghua, and Jiang Qikun from Tongyi, while the latter two are represented by Hong Yunxiang from Cixi and Zhang Yuanwei from Yinxian respectively. According to Chen Xunzheng’s “Report on the Sixtieth Life of Mr. Zhang Rangsan”, it is precisely because of the spread of Zeng’s “ancient literature and methods” that the academic atmosphere in Ningbo in the late Qing Dynasty changed from “Shu Yu Shen Ning’s teachings to admiration for others”. The transformation from “simple learning, no more than clumsy craftsmanship in writing” to “a study of high-class writing”. Regardless of whether Ningbo scholars at that time “focused on Tongcheng”, “slandered Tongcheng” or “also favored Tongcheng”, and regardless of whether Zeng Guofan’s “ancient literature and meaning” could have promoted the change of Ningbo’s academic style in the late Qing Dynasty, Chongshi Academy played an important role in Ningbo’s modern academic history. The location and influence can be imagined here.
Editor: Jin Fu